Digestive System

Mouth/ Bucal Cavity : Teeth    :   the function is to break down the food mechanically into small pieces Tounge :   the function are to move the food  up and down or to all directions and to distinguish taste of food such as sweet , bitter sour etc. Saliva   :   the function of saliva are to soften the food and to breakdown  carbohydrate into  sugar Esophagus :   When a person swallows, food pushes into the esophagus, the muscular tube that carries food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach.  Esophagus is a foof passages  from mouth to stomach. Stomach. The stomach stores swallowed food and liquid, mixes the food and liquid with digestive juice it produces, and slowly empties its contents.  The stomach have stomach juice and Hydrochloric acid  (HCL), this acetic juice has two functions : to kill  bacterias  and to brake down the protein.  Small intestine. The muscles of the small intestine mix food with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, and intestine and push the mixture forward to help with further digestion. The walls of the small intestine absorb the digested nutrients into the bloodstream. The blood delivers the nutrients to the rest of the body. Large intestine. The waste products of the digestive process include undigested parts of food. Muscles push these waste products into the large intestine. The large intestine absorbs water and salts any remaining nutrients and changes the waste from liquid into stool. The rectum stores stool until it pushes stool out of the body during a bowel movement. Pancreas. The pancreas produces a juice containing several enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxy-peptidase) that break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in food. The pancreas delivers digestive juice to the small intestine through small tubes called ducts. Liver. The liver produces a digestive juice called bile that stores at the gallbladder. The bile acid help our body to digest /dissolve fat.  Pharyngitis Inflammatory illness of the mucous membranes and underlying structures of the throat (pharynx). Inflammation usually involves the nasopharynx, uvula, soft palate, and tonsil s. The illness can be caused by bacteria, viruses, mycoplasmas, fungi, and parasites and by recognized diseases of uncertain causes. Infection by Streptococcus bacteria  Laryngitis Inflammation of the larynx or voice box, caused by chemical or mechanical irritation or bacterial infection. Laryngitis is classified as simple, diphtheritic, tuberculous, or syphilitic laryngitis. Simple laryngitis is usually associated with the common cold or similar infections. Nonbacterial agents such as chlorine gas, steam, or sulfur dioxide can. Gastritis Acute or chronic inflammation of the mucosal layers of the stomach. Acute gastritis may be caused by excessive intake of alcohol, ingestion of irritating drugs, food poisoning, and infectious diseases. The chief symptoms are severe upper-abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, thirst, and diarrhea; the illness develops suddenly and subsides. Vomiting The forcible ejection of stomach contents from the mouth. Like nausea, vomiting may have a wide range of causes, including motion sickness, the use of certain drugs, intestinal obstruction, disease or disorder of the inner ear, injury to the head, and appendicitis. It may even occur without nausea, such as after extreme physical exertion. Vomiting Dysentery Infectious disease characterized by inflammation of the intestine, abdominal pain, and diarrhea with stools that often contain blood and mucus. There are two major classifications of dysentery: bacillary and amebic, caused respectively by bacteria and by amoebas. Bacillary dysentery, or shigellosis, is caused by bacilli of the genus Shigella. Symptomatically Hernia Protrusion of an organ or tissue from its normal cavity. The protrusion may extend outside the body or between cavities within the body, as when loops of intestine escape from the abdominal cavity Ulcerative colitis Inflammation of the large intestine (colon), especially of its mucous membranes, characterized by patches of tiny ulcers in the inflamed membranes’. The most common symptoms of ulcerative colitis are bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain. Other symptoms include fatigue, weight loss, and loss of appetite. Ulcerative colitis tends to become chronic, with.                               Hepatitis Inflammation of the liver that results from a variety of causes, both infectious and noninfectious. Infectious agents that cause hepatitis include viruses and parasites; noninfectious substances include certain drugs and toxic agents. In some instances hepatitis results from an autoimmune reaction directed against the liver cells of the body.  Cholera      An acute infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and characterized by extreme diarrhea with rapid and severe depletion of body fluids and salts. Cholera has often risen to epidemic proportions in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, particularly in India and Bangladesh Diarrhea Abnormally swift passage of waste material through the large intestine, with consequent discharge of loose feces from the anus. Diarrhea may be accompanied by cramping. The disorder has a wide range of causes. It may, for example, result from bacterial or viral infection; from dysentery, either amoebic or bacillary; from impaired absorption of nutrients Constipation Delayed passage of waste through the lower portion of the large intestine, with the possible discharge of relatively dry, hardened feces from the anus. Among the causes cited for the disorder are lack of regularity in one’s eating habits, spasms of the large intestine, metabolic diseases such as hypothyroidism or diabetes mellitus, neurological disorders...

Circulatory System

Our circulatory system circulates blood in two parts: 1. From the heart to all parts of our body :  the blood contains of oxygen, nutrition and water that produce energy 2.  From all parts of our body back to outer heart: the blood contains waste materials and carbon  dioxide Pulse is a rhythmical throbbing of the arteries as blood is propelled through them, typically as felt in the wrists or neck. Pulse rate /Heart rate is The pulse rate is a measurement of the heart rate, or the number of times the heart beats per minute. Factors that affect our heart rate are age, health and activity: Age: body heart rate : 120 times per minute, adult : 60-90 times per minute elderly: 60-80 per minute. Health : the heart rate of a  healthy person  usually slower than a that of a sick person. Activity : when we exercise our heart rate increases.

Our heart is the vital organ that pumps our blood all the time, to all parts of our body

Blood Vessels are tubes that carry blood to all parts of our body. Some blood vessels carry blood from our heart to all parts of our body. Other blood vessels carry blood from other parts of our body to our heart.

Our blood carries oxygen, nutrient  and water to all part of our body It also carries carbon dioxide and waste substances that are produced by our cells away from different parts of our body

Circulatory System Diseases

Common diseases of the circulatory system are: 1. Arteriosclerosis,  in which the fatty deposits in the arteries causes the walls to stiffen and thicken the walls. The causes are a buildup of fat, cholesterol and other material in the artery walls. This can restrict blood flow or in severe cases stop it all together, resulting in a heart attack or stroke. 2. Stroke /Heart attack  involves blockage of the blood vessels to the brain and is another major condition of the circulatory system “Risk factors include smoking, diabetes and high cholesterol,”  3. Hypertension   commonly called high blood pressure causes the heart to work harder and can lead to such complications as a heart attack, a stroke, or kidney failure. 4. Arteriosclerosis occurs when the aorta is damaged and starts to bulge or eventually tear, which can cause severe internal bleeding. This weakness can be present at birth or the result of atherosclerosis, obesity, high blood. Healthy diet is important for the proper functioning of our circulatory system. 5. Damage in the heart or blood vessel  destroys the heart valves that control the direction of blood flows through heart. 6. Congenital heart disorder as a result incomplete of the heart or blood vessel before birth. Surgery is needed to correct such disorders. Blood diseases : 1. Anemia is a disease of blood when the amount of the blood cells in our body is low. Causes the body lack of oxygen. 2. Leukemia also known as blood cancer  or bone marrow cancer this disease occurs when the white blood cells multiply abnormally

 

Common diseases of the circulatory system are:

1. Arteriosclerosis,  in which the fatty deposits in the arteries causes the walls to stiffen and thicken the walls. The causes are a buildup of fat, cholesterol and other material in the artery walls. This can restrict blood flow or in severe cases stop it all together, resulting in a heart attack or stroke.

2. Stroke /Heart attack  involves blockage of the blood vessels to the brain and is another major condition of the circulatory system “Risk factors include smoking, diabetes and high cholesterol,” 

3. Hypertension   commonly called high blood pressure causes the heart to work harder and can lead to such complications as a heart attack, a stroke, or kidney failure.

4. Arteriosclerosis occurs when the aorta is damaged and starts to bulge or eventually tear, which can cause severe internal bleeding. This weakness can be present at birth or the result of atherosclerosis, obesity, high blood. Healthy diet is important for the proper functioning of our circulatory system.

5. Damage in the heart or blood vessel  destroys the heart valves that control the direction of blood flows through heart.

6. Congenital heart disorder as a result incomplete of the heart or blood vessel before birth. Surgery is needed to correct such disorders.

Blood diseases :

1. Anemia is a disease of blood when the amount of the blood cells in our body is low. Causes the body lack of oxygen.

2. Leukemia also known as blood cancer  or bone marrow cancer this disease occurs when the white blood cells multiply abnormally